Tropical cyclones (TCs) rank among the most destructive extreme weather events worldwide, responsible for an average of 43 deaths and USD 78 million in daily economic damages. In the U.S., the financial toll has surged, with the decade from 2010 to 2019 seeing USD 731 billion in losses from super-hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. The current decade has already recorded USD 460 billion in damages—double the total losses between 1980 and 1999.

The impact of tropical cyclones is expected to worsen due to global warming, increasing urbanization, and the growing concentration of populations in coastal areas. Under most emission scenarios, except for the low-emission pathway (RCP2.6), the number of people exposed to tropical cyclones is projected to rise significantly by 2100. In a “hothouse world,” this affected population could grow by 23% by 2050 and 84.2% by 2100.

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